Congress Swing TrackerLegislative intelligence Swing vote analysis

H.R. 1048: DETERRENT Act · Congress Swing Tracker

H.R. 1048119th CongressEducation

DETERRENT Act

Sponsored by Rep. Michael Baumgartner (R-WA) · 21 active : 18 Republicans, 2 Democrats, 1 Independent

Latest action: Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.

Read the summary

Where it standsPassed House, now in the Senate

Passed House

House: passedMar 27, 2025
Senate: next
President: not yet

9 senators score as swing votes

Summary

, via Congress.gov

Summary on Congress.gov

Defending Education Transparency and Ending Rogue Regimes Engaging in Nefarious Transactions Act or the DETERRENT Act

This bill expands oversight and disclosure requirements related to foreign sources and institutions of higher education (IHEs).

Specifically, the bill requires an IHE to annually disclose to the Department of Education (ED) any year in which the IHE

receives a gift from a foreign country of concern (e.g., China or Russia) or foreign entity of concern of any dollar amount;

Read full summary

receives a gift or contract from a foreign source (other than a foreign country of concern or foreign entity of concern) that is valued at $50,000 or more, considered alone or in combination with all other gifts or contracts within a calendar year (current disclosure threshold is $250,000 or more), or which has an undetermined monetary value;

enters into a contract with a foreign country of concern or foreign entity of concern after receiving a waiver for such contract; or

is substantially controlled by a foreign source.

Additionally, the bill

prohibits IHEs from entering into contracts with a foreign country of concern or with a foreign entity of concern without obtaining a waiver,

requires certain IHEs to disclose gifts or contracts between covered individuals (e.g., researchers) and foreign sources, and

requires private IHEs with specified assets or investments to file annual investment disclosure reports.

The bill requires ED to investigate possible violations of this bill and outlines the various penalties for each violation. Penalties may include losing eligibility for federal student financial aid.

How the projections held up

Each member’s recorded vote compared with their swing projection from before the vote. A member by voting against most of their own party.

House

On PassagePassed241 yea, 169 nayMarch 27, 2025 · Roll call 83

How members in each band voted on this House vote, by their projection before the vote
BandBand before the vote	VotedVoted yea or nay	BrokeBroke with party	Share
Swing	33	17	52%
Middle	159	11	7%
Entrenched	210	4	2%
All

Committees and subjects

Committees

House Committee on Education and Workforce · HouseReported by · Markup by · Referred to
Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions · SenateReferred to

Subjects

Civil actions and liability
Congressional oversight
Contracts and agency
Education programs funding
Financial services and investments
Government information and archives
Government studies and investigations
Higher education
Subversive activities
Teaching, teachers, curricula

Senate · 100 House · 433

Model

v3defaultv2

Directional: count only breaks toward the other party Why do scores change?

How the House breaks down

42Swing 70–100
195Middle 30–70
194Entrenched 0–30
2Insufficient data not ranked

Members fall into . 2 representatives don’t have enough data yet and are marked “insufficient data”. Non-voting delegates are not counted. The bill is not before the House right now; these scores show where members would stand.

Key players in the House

Ranked by swing score, 0–100 · swing-v2, directional

: only movement toward the other party counts, so members who sit further from the center than their party no longer score as swing votes.

Bars show each input from 0 to 100: ideology gap, scorecard gap, . is the seat’s partisan lean, and shows how much of the input data a score has.

Similar past votes, House

Earlier behind swing-v3’s input

Similar votes count toward swing-v3 in the House: total similarity weight 28.5 (needs 5.0).

H.R. 1048 · Mar 27, 2025 · Roll call 82On PassageDETERRENT Act
PassedSame bill×3.0
H.R. 1048 · Mar 27, 2025 · Roll call 79On Agreeing to the Amendment
FailedSame bill×3.0
H.R. 1048 · Mar 27, 2025 · Roll call 78On Agreeing to the Amendment
FailedSame bill×3.0
H.R. 4795 · Sep 3, 2026 · Roll call 655On PassageProtect Economic and Academic Freedom Act
PassedShared subjects×1.0
H.R. 5933 · Dec 6, 2023 · Roll call 696On PassageDETERRENT Act
PassedShared subjects×1.0
H.R. 5933 · Dec 6, 2023 · Roll call 695On Agreeing to the Amendment
FailedShared subjects×1.0
H.R. 5933 · Dec 6, 2023 · Roll call 694On Agreeing to the Amendment
FailedShared subjects×1.0
H.R. 5933 · Dec 6, 2023 · Roll call 693On Agreeing to the Amendment
Agreed toShared subjects×1.0

Show 17 more

H.R. 7892 · Jun 10, 2026 · Roll call 577On PassageNo Aid for Ghost Students Act
PassedSame policy area×0.5
H.R. 2616 · May 20, 2026 · Roll call 544On PassagePROTECT Kids Act
PassedSame policy area×0.5
H.R. 6472 · Mar 4, 2026 · Roll call 442On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as AmendedTerritorial Student Access to Higher Education Act
PassedSame policy area×0.5
H.R. 6359 · Jan 22, 2026 · Roll call 407On PassagePregnant Students’ Rights Act
Passed

Cosponsors

21 active

Show all 21 cosponsors

Burgess Owens (R-UT-4)
Glenn Grothman (R-WI-6)
Joe Wilson (R-SC-2)
Kevin Kiley (I-CA-3)
Mark B. Messmer (R-IN-8)
Michael A. Rulli (R-OH-6)
Rick W. Allen (R-GA-12)
Tim Walberg (R-MI-5)
Virginia Foxx (R-NC-5)
Claudia Tenney (R-NY-24)
Glenn Thompson (R-PA-15)
Robert F. Onder (R-MO-3)
Randy K. Sr. Weber (R-TX-14)
Andy Barr (R-KY-6)
Erin Houchin (R-IN-9)
Aaron Bean (R-FL-4)
Donald G. Davis (D-NC-1)
Brad Finstad

How the swing score works

Ideology gapHow far a member’s DW-NOMINATE voting score sits from their party’s median in the same chamber.

Scorecard gapHow far their Heritage Action and LCV ratings stray from their party’s average, using the groups’ votes on similar bills where available.

Cross-pressureHow strongly their district or state leans toward the other party, from our own computed partisan lean.

Similar votesHow often they voted against their own party on earlier roll calls about this bill or similar ones.

Committee bonusMembers of the committees handling the bill decide whether it moves, so they get a boost.

Cosponsor checkThe sponsor and active cosponsors have already committed, so they drop toward entrenched.

1
Jared F. GoldenDemocrat · Maine 2nd · Lean R+4On the ballot
Ideology gap
Scorecard gap
Cross-pressure
Today92Swing
Vote on passage, Mar 27, 2025:YeaBroke with partyProjected at the vote: 89 Swing (today: 92)
ContactCall 202-225-6306 Website
2
Brian K. FitzpatrickRepublican · Pennsylvania 1st · Lean D+1On the ballot
Ideology gap
Scorecard gap
Cross-pressure
Today89Swing
Vote on passage, Mar 27, 2025:YeaProjected at the vote: 83 Swing (today: 89)
ContactCall
3
Michael LawlerRepublican · New York 17th · Lean D+1On the ballot
Ideology gap
Scorecard gap
Cross-pressure
Today88Swing
Vote on passage, Mar 27, 2025:YeaProjected at the vote: 83 Swing (today: 88)
ContactCall
4
Don BaconRepublican · Nebraska 2nd · Lean D+3On the ballot
Ideology gap
Scorecard gap
Cross-pressure
Today88Swing
Vote on passage, Mar 27, 2025:NayBroke with partyProjected at the vote: 83 Swing (today: 88)
Contact
5
Henry CuellarDemocrat · Texas 28th · Lean R+2On the ballot
Ideology gap
Scorecard gap
Cross-pressure
Today88Swing
Vote on passage, Mar 27, 2025:YeaBroke with partyProjected at the vote: 81 Swing (today: 88)
Contact
6
Thomas H. KeanRepublican · New Jersey 7th · Lean EVENOn the ballot
Ideology gap
Scorecard gap
Cross-pressure
Today86Swing
Vote on passage, Mar 27, 2025:YeaProjected at the vote: 80 Swing (today: 86)
ContactCall
7
David G. ValadaoRepublican · California 22nd · Lean R+1On the ballot
Ideology gap
Scorecard gap
Cross-pressure
Today85Swing
Vote on passage, Mar 27, 2025:YeaProjected at the vote: 78 Swing (today: 85)
ContactCall
8
Thomas R. SuozziDemocrat · New York 3rd · Lean EVENOn the ballot
Ideology gap
Scorecard gap
Cross-pressure
Today84Swing
Vote on passage, Mar 27, 2025:YeaBroke with partyProjected at the vote: 78 Swing (today: 84)
Contact
9
Josh GottheimerDemocrat · New Jersey 5th · Lean D+2On the ballot
Ideology gap
Scorecard gap
Cross-pressure
Today84Swing
Vote on passage, Mar 27, 2025:YeaBroke with partyProjected at the vote: 77 Swing (today: 84)
Contact
10
Susie LeeDemocrat · Nevada 3rd · Lean D+1On the ballot
Ideology gap
Scorecard gap
Cross-pressure
Today83Swing
Vote on passage, Mar 27, 2025:YeaBroke with partyProjected at the vote: 76 Swing (today: 83)
Contact